Izintengo zethu zizoba zinhle futhi zincintisane ngenxa yekhono lethu lokukhiqiza eliqinile, nakuba amanani angase ashintshe kuye ngokunikezwayo nezinye izici zemakethe. Sizokuthumelela uhlu lwamanani olubuyekeziwe ngemuva kokuthi inkampani yakho isithinte ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe.
Empeleni akunjalo. sizocaphuna ngokusekelwe kumanani akho. Uma u-oda kakhulu, uzothola intengo engcono. Futhi uma udinga amasampula wamahhala, sicela usithinte nge-imeyili.
Yebo, yebo. Singakunikeza imibhalo ehlobene, njengezitifiketi Zokuhlaziya / Ukuhambisana; Umshwalense; Umsuka, namanye amadokhumenti okuthekelisa.
Ngokuya ngenani lakho kanye nemodeli ngokuningiliziwe, sizokunikeza isikhathi sokuhola esiphusile. Njengenjwayelo, kumasampula, isikhathi sokuhola singaba yizinsuku eziyi-7. Ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu, isikhathi sokuhola siyizinsuku ezingama-20-30 ngemuva kokuthola inkokhelo yediphozithi. Mahhala samahhala usazise uma unesidingo esikhethekile.
Ungenza inkokhelo ku-akhawunti yethu yasebhange, i-Western Union noma i-PayPal:
Idiphozithi engu-30% kusengaphambili, ibhalansi engu-70% iqhathaniswa nekhophi ye-B/L.
Sinikeza iwaranti impahla yethu kanye nomsebenzi. Ukuzibophezela kwethu wukwaneliseka kwakho ngemikhiqizo yethu. Ngewaranti noma cha, kuwusiko lwenkampani yethu ukubhekana nokuxazulula zonke izinkinga zamakhasimende ngendlela eyanelisa wonke umuntu.
Yebo, sihlala sisebenzisa ukupakishwa kokuthekelisa kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Siphinde sisebenzisa ukupakisha okukhethekile kwezingozi ezimpahleni eziyingozi kanye nabathumeli abaqinisekisiwe besitoreji esibandayo ezintweni ezizwelayo kukushisa. Izimfuneko zokupakishwa kochwepheshe nezingezona ezijwayelekile zingase zibe nenkokhiso eyengeziwe.
Izindleko zokuthumela zincike endleleni okhetha ngayo ukuthola izimpahla. I-Express ngokuvamile iyindlela eshesha kakhulu kodwa futhi ebiza kakhulu. I-Seafreight iyisixazululo esingcono kakhulu samanani amakhulu. Izilinganiso ngqo zempahla singakunikeza kuphela uma sazi imininingwane yenani, isisindo kanye nendlela. Sicela usithinte ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Eqinisweni, umehluko phakathi kwe-OM3 vs OM4 fiber usekwakhiweni kwentambo ye-fiber optical. Umehluko ekwakhiweni kusho ukuthi ikhebula le-OM4 linokunciphisa okungcono futhi lingasebenza kumkhawulokudonsa ophezulu kune-OM3. Siyini isizathu salokhu? Ukuze isixhumanisi sefayibha sisebenze, ukukhanya okuvela ku-transceiver ye-VCSEL kunamandla anele okufinyelela kumamukeli ngakolunye uhlangothi. Kunamanani amabili okusebenza angavimbela lokhu—ukuncipha kokubona kanye nokuhlakazeka kwe-modal.
I-Attenuation ukunciphisa amandla esignali yokukhanya njengoba idluliswa (dB). Ukunciphisa kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa ekukhanyeni ngezingxenye ze-passive, njengezintambo, izinsimbi zekhebula, nezixhumi. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla izixhumi ziyafana ngakho umehluko wokusebenza ku-OM3 vs OM4 usekulahlekeni (dB) kukhebula. I-OM4 fiber idala ukulahlekelwa okuncane ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo. Ukuncishiswa okuphezulu okuvunyelwe izindinganiso kuboniswe ngezansi. Ungabona ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-OM4 kuzokunika ukulahlekelwa okuphansi imitha ngayinye yekhebula. Ukulahlekelwa okuphansi kusho ukuthi ungaba nezixhumanisi ezinde noma ube nezixhumi ezixhumene kakhulu kusixhumanisi.
Ukunciphisa okuphezulu okuvunyelwe ku-850nm: OM3<3.5 dB/Km; OM4<3.0 dB/Km
Ukukhanya kudluliselwa ngezindlela ezahlukene eduze kwefayibha. Ngenxa yokungapheleli ku-fiber, lezi zindlela zifika njengezikhathi ezihluke kancane. Njengoba lo mehluko ukhula ugcina ufinyelele lapho ulwazi oludluliswayo lungakwazi ukuqoshwa. Lo mehluko phakathi kwezindlela eziphakeme neziphansi kakhulu waziwa ngokuthi i-modal dispersion. Ukuhlakazwa kwe-modal kunquma umkhawulokudonsa we-modal ifayibha engasebenza kuwo futhi lona umehluko phakathi kwe-OM3 ne-OM4. Ukuncipha kokuhlakazeka kwe-modal, kuyanda umkhawulokudonsa we-modal kanye nenani elikhulu lolwazi olungadluliswa. I-modal bandwidth ye-OM3 ne-OM4 ikhonjisiwe ngezansi. Umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu otholakala ku-OM4 usho ukuhlakazeka kwemodi encane futhi ngaleyo ndlela uvumela izixhumanisi zekhebula ukuthi zibe zinde noma zivumele ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu ngezixhumi ezixhumene kakhulu. Lokhu kunikeza izinketho eziningi uma ubheka ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi.
I-Minimum Fiber Cable Bandwidth ku-850nm: OM3 2000 MHz·km; OM4 4700 MHz·km
Ungasazisa ngokuqhubekayo mayelana nezimo zemvelo lapho imikhiqizo izosetshenziswa khona, ngokukhetha imininingwane enemininingwane efana nomswakama, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezici ze-geological. Singanikeza ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe kwekhebula/ifayibha kanye namanani ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zakho ezithile. Izinketho zomkhiqizo ezenziwe ngezifiso nazo ziyatholakala.
Ikhebula le-fiber liqukethe:
Ingqikithi**: Ingilazi/isilica ehlanzekile kakhulu (ububanzi obungu-8-62.5µm) yokudlulisa ukukhanya.
I-Cladding**: Isendlalelo sangaphandle esinenkomba ye-refractive ephansi ukuze iqukathe ukukhanya.
I-Coating**: Isendlalelo se-acrylate esivikelayo (250µm).
Amalungu Amandla**: Intambo ye-Aramid/izinduku ze-fiberglass.
Ijakhethi yangaphandle**: Izinto ze-PE/PVC/LSZH zokuvikela imvelo.
| **Ipharamitha** | **Imodi Eyodwa (SMF)** | **Imodi Eningi (MMF)** |
|--------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| I-Core Diameter | 8-10µm | 50/62.5µm |
| Ibanga | 80-120km | ≤550m (OM4) |
| Umkhawulokudonsa | Okungenamkhawulo (ngokwethiyori) | Inomkhawulo ngokuhlakazeka kwe-modal |
| Izindleko | Okuphakeme (imithombo ye-laser) | Ngaphansi (i-LED/VCSEL) |
| **Sebenzisa Ikesi** | I-Telecom/5G backhaul | Izikhungo zedatha/Ikhampasi |
Ubuchwepheshe be-SDM buhlanganisa:
Ama-Multi-core fibers (MCF)**: 7-19 cores/fiber, ebonisa ukudluliswa kwe-1Pbps.
Imicu yemodi embalwa (FMF)**: Izindlela eziningi zokukhanya ngomongo ngamunye.
Inzuzo yomsebenzisi*: Yehlisa ukuminyana kwamapayipi; I-NTT ifake i-MCF ku-metro yaseTokyo.
Lezi fibre:
- Qondisa ukukhanya emoyeni (hhayi ingilazi), ukusika ukubambezeleka ngo-31% (1.46μs/km vs. 2.13μs/km).
- Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqondiwe: i-HFT (ukuhweba okuvama kakhulu), amanethiwekhi we-quantum.
*Inselele*: Ukuncipha okuphezulu (~3dB/km) vs. SMF's 0.17dB/km.
A: Izindawo ezintathu okugxilwe kuzo:
1. I-Fronthaul**: Sebenzisa imicu ye-G.654.E (ukulahlekelwa okuphansi, indawo enkulu ephumelelayo) ye>400G yamaza.
2. Amaseli amancane**: Amakhebula amancane (≤6mm ububanzi) okuthunyelwa kwedolobha eliminyene.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-SDN**: Yenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwabiwa kwensiza yefayibha nge-OpenROADM.
A:Izinzuzo zihlanganisa:
- Ukwehliswa kwezindleko okungama-30% ngamadizayini atholakala kumthengisi (isb., i-Vodafone's Open Fiber Initiative).
- Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo (amamojula we-plug-and-play fiber).
A:** Ukuhlolwa okubalulekile:
I-OTDR (I-Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)**: Ikala ukulahleka/ukuphuka kwe-splice.
Ukuhlolwa Kokulahlekelwa Kokufaka**: Ukuqinisekiswa kokulahlekelwa kwe-dB ekupheleni kuya ekupheleni.
Ukuhlolwa Kokusabalalisa Kwe-Chromatic**: Ibalulekile > kumasistimu ahambisanayo angu-100G.
1. **Isinyathelo 1**: Thola iphutha phakathi kuka-3m usebenzisa i-OTDR yokulungiswa okuphezulu.
2. **Isinyathelo sesi-2**: Sebenzisa iziseshi ze-robotic fiber ukuze zilungiswe ngaphansi komhlaba.
3. **Isinyathelo sesi-3**: Sebenzisa iziphaseli ze-fusion ezinokulahlekelwa kwe-splice okungu-≤0.02dB.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:
-Ifayibha yemodi eyodwa (SMF):** Idizayinelwe ukudluliswa kwebanga elide, komkhawulokudonsa ophezulu (isb, 1310/1550nm wavelengths).
-Multimode fiber (MMF):** Isetshenziselwa amabanga amafushane (isb, OM1/OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5 for 850/1300nm).
Izintambo zasendlini/zangaphandle:** Imiklamo yezikhali, engahlomile, iribhoni, noma yamashubhu axegayo.
-izintambo ezikhethekile:** FTTH (Drop cables), izintambo ezihamba ngaphansi kolwandle, izintambo zasemoyeni, njll.
cabanga:
- **Ibanga:** SMF >1km; I-MMF ye-≤500m (iyahluka ngokwezinga ledatha).
- **Izindleko:** Ama-transceivers e-MMF ashibhile kodwa i-SMF inikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwesikhathi esizayo.
- **Uhlelo lokusebenza:** I-SMF ye-telecom/uhambo olude; I-MMF yezikhungo zedatha/ama-LAN.
Imihlahlandlela engukhiye:
- Gwema ukweqa **ukudonsa ukungezwani** (isb, ≤150N ye-SMF).
- Gcina ubuncane **irediyasi yokugoba** (isb., 20mm wezintambo zokuchibiyela).
- Sebenzisa okufanele **ukuhlanganisa/izixhumi** (LC/SC/MPO) neziphetho ezihlanzekile zokuhambisa amanzi.
- Hlola nge-*OTDR/amamitha wamandla** ngemva kokufakwa.
Ngokujwayelekile **iminyaka engu-20–25**, kodwa kuya ngokuthi:
- Izici zemvelo (umswakama, ukuchayeka kwe-UV).
- Ukucindezeleka komshini (ukugoba, ukudlidliza).
- Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kungase kubangele ukuthuthukiswa ngaphambi kwe-EOL.